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Lately we’ve been focusing on how to stay healthy and run well on race day by avoiding injury during training and boosting performance. This week, we’re taking a break from that to focus onavoiding the miscellaneous annoyances and bothers that can come up at just the wrong time.
While there’s a host of folk remedies on how to avoid issues like chafing, blisters, GI problems, and race-day injuries, recently some doctors and researchers have turned their attention to these issues as well. The surge in recreational marathoning has brought about renewed attention from the scientific community on everything from “jogger’s nipple” to bloody stool after races.
In this article, we’re going to examine some of that science to provide you with the most “scientifically proven” solutions.
The science of blisters, chafing and GI issues
Blisters and chaffing
One of the first revelations we’ll see is that “minor” issues like blisters and chafing can be anything but mild annoyances.
A study conducted by William Roberts, the medical director for the Twin Cities Marathon, reviewed and classified the reasons for runners visited the medical tent at the TCM during the twelve races between 1983 and 1994.1 On average, 25 out of every 1000 finishers had to visit the medical tent post-race. Of these “medical encounters,” 21% were skin conditions like blistering and chafing! The majority of visits, 59%, were exercise-induced collapse, while a comparatively small 17% were what we would actually term “running injuries”—musculoskeletal problems.
A more recent review of runners in need of medical attention at a large Wisconsin road race series was published in 2008 by Richard Nguyen and colleagues.2 Their research, which examined a multi-day event which included a 5k, a marathon, and a four-person marathon relay, found a lower incidence of skin injuries (11%) but nearly the same incidence of musculoskeletal problems (18%). I would wager that the lower incidence of skin problems was due to many of the runners—the 5k and marathon relay participants—running much shorter than the participants in Roberts’ study, all of whom finished a full marathon
The cause and treatment of blisters and chaffing
Skin issues in marathoners were tackled head-on in a review paper authored this year by Matthew Helm et al. at SUNY-Buffalo, which took an in-depth look at the cause and treatment of the various skin ailments that can send runners to the medical tent.3
Broadly, their findings highlight the importance of well-fitting shoes (that have been worn at least a few times before race day, but are not too old either!) and controlling moisture: the authors report that wet conditions and “non-technical” clothing (i.e. cotton shirts and socks) are associated with developing blisters and chafing. When water gets trapped between your skin and your clothing or footwear, it can dramatically increase friction. This can be not only painful, but also leads to infection.
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Though technical shirt/singlets and ultra-thin synthetic running socks are usually associated with being a “serious runner,” sponsorship isn’t the only reason elite athletes are wearing polyester, nylon, and spandex running gear. As most runners know, Helm writes that areas prone to blistering and chafing (under your arms, for example) can be protected with petroleum jelly or “blister patches.”
Race day injuries
But blistering and chafing aren’t the only things that can wreck your race or send you to the medical tent. A 2006 study published by Leon Sanchez and his coworkers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston examined race-day musculoskeletal injuries and gastrointestinal tract (GI) issues in marathon runners.4 Reviewing several other papers which examine race-day running injuries (including Roberts’ TCM study), Sanchez et al. present some important findings.
First, more participants in a marathon suffer injuries than in shorter races. This should come as no surprise, given the extreme length of the marathon. Second, knee injuries are the most common race day issue in road racing (interestingly, ankle injuries are dominant at track meets).
Finally, and perhaps most relevant to our interests, there is an inverserelationship between miles run in training and propensity to suffer an injury on race day. In other words, the better-prepared you are for the race, the less likely it is that you’ll become injured during the race. This makes intuitive sense, but stands out against other research that shows that higher mileage runners suffer more injuries in training.
GI issues
With respect to GI problems, Sanchez et al. report that the bowel issues all too familiar to long distance runners are a result of decreased blood flow to the gut during an intense effort.
The proportion of runners who have bloody stool after races varies wildly among different studies, but the trend is upwards with increased race distance, presumably due to the increased stress associated with longer races. For unknown reasons, GI issues are more common in women than men.
Unfortunately, Sanchez et al. don’t comment on any possible causes. They do, however, recommendrunners avoid anti-inflammatory drugslike Advil and Aleve before races, as they are associated with lower intestinal bleeding. A much older study by Emmett Keeffe et al. suggests that dietary factors may play a role in GI irritation,5 but there aren’t any clear answers—this is an under-explored area in need of future research. Until we know more, experiment and find out what works best for you.
Our recommendations
Preparing for your target race is only half the battle. Even once you’ve gotten to the starting line fit and healthy, you also need to ensure that you’re ready to cover the distance without being slowed by blisters, chafing, race-day injuries, or GI trouble.
Fortunately, keeping in mind some basic principles, this shouldn’t be too hard. Avoid skin irritation by wearing shoes in good conditionthat you’ve tested out on a few long runs prior to the race, wear “technical” clothing and snug-fitting socks made from synthetic fabric, and protect chafe- or blister-prone areas with petroleum jelly, a band-aid, or blister patch.
Make sure you prepare in the weeks and months before the race to lower your risk of a race-day injury (keeping in mind the course: don’t neglect hills in training if you’re running the Boston Marathon!), and experiment with what you eat and when to dodge GI irritation.
While there’s always an element of chance on race day, and you’ll never be able to guarantee a trouble-free race, good preparation often seems to bring good luck!